hmwork mr. amin by Saifuddin

1. First muscle start wasting ?

Vmo - vastus medialis obliquus

The vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO) is most commonly the weakest of the quadriceps group and appears to be the first muscle to atrophy and the last to rehabilitate.

2. Swelling at the back of the knee?

• semimembranous bursa,popliteal cyst,popliteal aneurysm (appley)
• Bakers Cyst
• Sebaceous cyst
• Varicose vein
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Haematoma




3. Normal synovial fluid volume of knee? How much volume we expect if patella tap positive?

- Normal synovial fluid contains 0.5 ml (last anatomy)

- Small to moderate effusion <>

- Large effusion > 100 ml

4. Position of Suprapatella pouch?

Lies beneath the quadriceps muscle and communicates with the join cavity.

5. Test for patella effusion

a. Cross-fluctuation

- Applicable only in large join effusion

- Left hand compresses and empties the suprepatella pouch while the right hand straddles the front of the join bellow the patella; by squeezing which each hand alternately, a fluid impulse is transmitted across the join

b. The patellar tap

- suprepatella pouch is compressed with the left hand

- while the index finger of the right hand pushes the patellar sharply backward

- positive – patella can be felt striking the femur and bounce off again

c. The bulge test

- Useful when little fluid is present

- Medial compartment is emptied by pressing on that side of the joint

- At the same time the suprepatellar pouch is kept closed by the other hand

- The first hand is lifted away from the medial side and move to the lateral side

- Which is then sharply compressed – a distinct ripple is seen on the flattened medial surface

d. The patellar hollow test

- When normal knee flexed - a hollow appears lateral to the patellar ligament and disappear with further flexion

- with excess fluid – the hollow fills and disappears at lesser angle of flexion

6. Normal extension of the knee?

Extend 0 to 5-15° (Netter)

7. Special test of knee?

bleh tengok kat buku....

Lain-lain soalan..

a. how to differentiate open fracture wound with other wound?

in open fracture wound there will be altered bleeding, so we will see the blood become dark in colour..because the blood mix with the fat globule..in open fracture juga biasanya ade active bleeding..